Acute Myocardial Infarction with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries - Stratifying the Risk of a "new" Clinical Entity using an "Old" Tool

Abstract Background Some of the patients admitted for acute myocardial infarction have non-obstructive coronary artery disease (MINOCA). Their prognosis is not always benign, making it necessary the development of tools for risk stratification of these patients. Objectives To describe the characteristics of a sample of patients admitted for suspected MINOCA and to evaluate the prognostic value of GRACE score in this population. Methods This was a retrospective, observational, single-center, cohort study involving 56 consecutive patients with MINOCA. During one-year follow-up, patients were assessed for mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) - a composite of all-cause mortality and hospitalization due to acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, ischemic stroke, and acute limb ischemia. Statistical analysis was performed using a non-parametric approach, with the Mann-Whitney U test for quantitative variables and ROC curves for assessing the discriminatory power of the Grace score in predicting cardiovascular events. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results Of the 56 MINOCA patients included in the study (median age 67 years), 55.4% were female. During the one-year follow-up, mortality rate was 5.5% and 9.1% of patients had MACE. A higher GRACE score was associated with mortality (p = 0.019; AUC 0.907; 95%CI 0.812-1.000; cut off 138) and MACE (p =0.034; AUC 0.790; 95%CI 0.632-0.948; cutoff 114). Conclusion The definition of MINOCA includes various diagnoses and prognoses, and the GRACE score is useful for risk stratification of patients with this condition.

Beyond Atherothrombotic Disease in Acute Coronary Syndrome

Abstract Half of the global population over 20 years of age will be affected by cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular events in young people is challenging. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a non-traumatic and non-iatrogenic separation of the coronary arterial wall and is an uncommon and underdiagnosed cause of acute myocardial infarction predominately found in young women. Medical management has been more widely accepted, with percutaneous and surgery treatment reserved for precise indications. Optimal control of individual risk factors is essential in order to avoid recurrences.

Prognostic nutritional index and the risk of acute kidney injury in patients with acute coronary syndrome

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE Recent studies have linked malnutrition with undesirable outcomes in cardiovascular diseases. However, the underlying mechanism is unknown. Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) increased cardiovascular mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This study hypothesizes that prognostic nutritional index (PNI) plays a role in the development of CI-AKI in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing emergency PCI. METHODS This study enrolled 551 patients. PNI was determined as 10× serum albumin (g/dL)+0.005×total lymphocyte count (mm3). CI-AKI was characterized as the increase in serum creatinine ≥0.3 mg/dL level within 48 h after PCI. Patients were classified as either CI-AKI (+) or CI-AKI (−). RESULTS CI-AKI has occurred in 72 of 551 patients (13.1%). PNI was significantly lower in the CI-AKI (+) group than in the CI-AKI (-) group (44.4±6.6 versus 47.2±5.8, p<0.001, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that PNI [odds ratio, OR: 1.631, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.168-2.308, p=0.02] and estimated glomerular filtration rate (OR: 3.26, 95%CI 1.733-6.143, p<0.001) were independent risk factors for CI-AKI. CONCLUSIONS PNI is an independent risk factor for CI-AKI. The development of CI-AKI may be the mechanism responsible for the relationship between poor nutritional status and adverse cardiac events.

Avaliação de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca admitidos em hospital secundário / Evaluation of patients with heart failure admitted to a secondary hospital

Objetivo: Elaborar um perfil clínico e epidemiológico de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca descompensada, de acordo com a etiologia da descompensação, e analisar o desfecho clínico dentre os diferentes grupos etiológicos encontrados. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo e observacional. Os pacientes foram reunidos em seis grupos, conforme etiologia de descompensação, e comparados de acordo com dados coletados. Realizaram-se verificação por meio da análise de variância e teste exato de Fisher. Obteve-se significância estatística por meio do valor de p <0,10. Resultados: Foram analisados 123 prontuários de pacientes admitidos entre 2016 e 2018. A maior causa de descompensação da doença foi a má aderência ao tratamento (32,5%). Além disso, a doença foi responsável por maior tempo de internação (13,5 dias) e número de óbitos (seis). Conclusão: Otimizando-se os cuidados e o acompanhamento desses pacientes, pode haver um importante impacto sobre a incidência, as complicações e a frequência de descompensações. (AU)

Objective: To develop a clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with decompensated heart failure according to the etiology of decompensation and to analyze the clinical outcome among the different etiological groups found. Methods: This is a retrospective, observational study. Patients were divided in six groups according to etiology of decompensation and were compared according to data collected. Variance analysis and Fisher's exact test were performed. Statistical significance was obtained by means of p-value <0.10. Results: We analyzed 123 medical records of patients admitted between 2016 and 2018. The greatest cause of decompensation was the poor adherence to treatment (32.5%). In addition, the disease was responsible for longer hospitalization time (13.5 days) and number of deaths (six). Conclusion: Optimizing care and follow-up of these patients can have an important impact on the incidence, complications, and frequency of decompensation. (AU)

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis presenting as acute coronary syndrome

Acquired Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis is a rare and deadly syndrome resulting from an overactive immune system, with uncontrolled activation of macrophages and lymphocytes, hypercytokinemia, and systemic inflammatory response. A 75-year-old male presented with typical anginal pain and was diagnosed with the acute coronary syndrome, which required a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Instead of resolving the symptoms, the patient began to exhibit pyrexia and worsening altered sensorium with progressing renal failure, anemia, thrombocytopenia and respiratory failure. This constellation of symptoms caused the patient to require mechanical ventilation and hemodialysis. Upon laboratory analysis, hyperferritinemia provided an indication to the diagnosis of acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. After the initiation of dexamethasone, the patient made a significant recovery and was discharged from the hospital.

The Clinical Course of Takotsubo Syndrome Diagnosed According to the InterTAK Criteria

Abstract Background There has been an increase in the number of cases of Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) and of scientific publications on the theme over the last years. However, little is known about the status of this disease in Brazilian hospitals. Objective To assess mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) during hospitalization and follow-up of TTS patients seen in a tertiary hospital in Brazil. Methods This was a retrospective, observational study on 48 patients. Clinical data, signs and symptoms, complementary tests, MACE and all-cause mortality were assessed on admission and during follow-up. Kaplan-Meier curves were used for analysis of all-cause mortality and risk for MACE at median follow-up. The 95% confidence interval was also calculated for a significance level of 5%. Results Mean age of patients was 71 years (SD±13 years), and most patients were women (n=41; 85.4%). During hospitalization, four patients (8.3%) died and five (10.4%) developed MACE. At median follow-up of 354.5 days (IQR of 81.5-896.5 days), the risk of all-cause mortality and MACE was 11.1% (95% CI= 1.8-20.3%) and 12.7% (95% CI= 3.3-22.3%), respectively. Conclusion TTS was associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in a tertiary hospital in Brazil, which were comparable to those observed in acute coronary syndrome. Therefore, the severity of TTS should not be underestimated, and new therapeutic strategies are required. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0

Manejo del síndrome coronario agudo durante pandemia por COVID ­ 19 / Management of acute coronary syndrome during COVID ­ 19 pandemic

INTRODUCTION: Acute Myocardial Infarction is a medical emergency, being his early and adequate treatment highly effective mainly in relation to reperfusion therapy. Unfortunately, COVID ­ 19 pandemic, has brought changes in its management due to availability of conditioned hemodynamic rooms, infection risk of the professionals, patient conditions and availability of critical unit beds. A review of the topic was made aimed to give a guide for the management of these patients with the available tools. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A review of the topic was made using the Medline/ Pubmed platform, in English and Spanish. Further, published articles in journals as The journal of the American college of cardiology and Circulation were included. CONCLUSIONS: The reperfusion strategies must be used according to the clinical context of the patient. In the acute myocardial infarction with ST elevation, fibrinolytic treatment may be chosen in low risk and without hemodynamic instability. In patients with hemodynamic instability, not eligible for fibrinolytic treatment or in whom this therapy fails, percutaneous angioplasty is indicated considering the protection of personnel. In the case of acute myocardial infarction without ST elevation, the treatment by urgent percutaneous angioplasty is considered in cases of hemodynamic instability or malignant arrhythmias.

Predictors of Post-Discharge 30-Day Hospital Readmission in Decompensated Heart Failure Patients

Abstract Background Heart failure (HF) is worldwide known as a public health issue with high morbimortality. One of the issues related to the evolution of HF is the high rate of hospital readmission caused by decompensation of the clinical condition, with high costs and worsening of ventricular function. Objective To quantify the readmission rate and identify the predictors of rehospitalization in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Methods Hospital-based historic cohort of patients admitted with acute decompensated HF in a private hospital from Recife/PE, from January 2008 to February 2016, followed-up for at least 30 days after discharge. Demographic and clinical data of admission, hospitalization, and clinical and late outcomes were analyzed. Logistic regression was used as a strategy to identify the predictors of independent risks. Results 312 followed-up patients, average age 73 (± 14), 61% males, 51% NYHA Class III, and 58% ischemic etiology. Thirty-day readmission rate was 23%. Multivariate analysis identified the independent predictors ejection fraction < 40% (OR = 2.1; p = 0.009), hyponatremia (OR = 2.9; p = 0.022) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) as the cause of decompensation (OR = 1.1; p = 0,026). The final model using those three variables presented reasonable discriminatory power (C-Statistics = 0.655 - HF 95%: 0.582 - 0.728) and good calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow p = 0.925). Conclusions Among hospitalized patients with acute decompensated heart failure, the rate of readmission was high. Hyponatremia, reduced ejection fraction and ACS as causes of decompensation were robust markers for the prediction of hospital readmission within 30 days of discharge. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; 33(2):175-184)

Factores predictivos de complicaciones intrahospitalarias en el Síndrome Coronario Agudo sin elevación del segmento ST / Predictive factors of intra-hospital complications in Non-ST-segment elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome

Introducción: El espectro clínico de los Síndromes Coronarios Agudos sin elevación del segmento ST incluye tanto a pacientes asintomáticos como a los que presentan isquemia activa, inestabilidad eléctrica, hemodinámica o parada cardiaca. Objetivo: Evaluar probables factores predictivos de complicaciones intrahospitalarias no letales en pacientes con diagnóstico de Síndrome Coronario Agudo sin elevación del segmento ST. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico, de corte transversal con un universo de 218 individuos ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Coronarios Intensivos del Hospital Clínico-Quirúrgico Manuel Fajardo en 2016 y 2017. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino (51.4 por ciento) y la edad media fue de 68 años. Prevaleció la Hipertensión Arterial como factor de riesgo coronario. La edad mostró asociación estadística significativa con la aparición de cualquier complicación (p=0.015) y con las complicaciones hemodinámicas (p=0,014). El riesgo intermedio-alto, según el score TIMI, tuvo asociación estadísticamente muy significativa con las complicaciones hemodinámicas (p<0.01). Conclusiones: La edad tuvo asociación estadística con la aparición de complicaciones intrahospitalarias no letales. El sexo no se asoció con las complicaciones ni los antecedentes estudiados tampoco. Los pacientes con un riesgo intermedio-alto al ingreso, se asociaron con las complicaciones hemodinámicas(AU)

Introduction: The clinical spectrum of Non-ST-segment elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes includes both asymptomatic patients and those with active ischemia, electrical instability, hemodynamic or cardiac arrest. Objective: To evaluate probable predictive factors of non-lethal intra-hospital complications in patients diagnosed with Non-ST-segment elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome. Material and Methods: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted with a universe of 218 individuals admitted into the Intensive Coronary Care Unit of Manuel Fajardo Clinical and Surgical Hospital between 2016 and 2017. Results: Male sex predominated (51.4 percent) and the mean age was 68 years. Arterial Hypertension prevailed as a coronary risk factor. The age showed significant statistical association with the appearance of any complication (p = 0.015) and with hemodynamic complications (p =0,014). The intermediate-high risk, according to the TIMI score, had a statistically significant association with hemodynamic complications (p <0.01). Conclusions: Age was statistically associated with the appearance of non-lethal intra-hospital complications. Sex was not associated with complications, nor did the background studied either. Patients with an intermediate-high risk at admission were associated with hemodynamic complications(AU)

Is There Safety in the Use of Clopidogrel Loading Dose in Patients Over 75 Years of Age with Acute Coronary Syndrome?

There is limited evidence in the literature regarding the administration of clopidogrel to acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in patients over 75 years of age. Most studies excluded this age group, making the subject controversial due to the increased risk of bleeding in this population. Objective: This is a retrospective, unicentric, and observational study aimed at assessing whether the administration of clopidogrel loading dose increases bleeding rates in patients over 75 years of age. Methods: Patients were divided into two groups: group I: 75 mg of clopidogrel; group II: 300-to 600-mg loading dose of clopidogrel. A total of 174 patients (129 in group I and 45 in group II) were included between May 2010 and May 2015. Statistical analysis: The primary outcome was bleeding (major and/or minor). The secondary outcome was combined events (cardiogenic shock, reinfarction, death, stroke and bleeding). The comparison between groups was performed through Q-square and T-test. The multivariate analysis was performed by logistic regression, being considered significant p < 0.05. Results: Comparisons between groups I and II showed differences in the prevalence of diabetes (46.5% vs. 24.4%, p = 0.01), arterial hypertension (90.7% vs. 75, p = 0.01), dyslipidemia (62% vs. 42.2%, p = 0.021), ST segment elevation (11.6% vs. 26.6%, p = 0.016) and coronary intervention percutaneous (16.5% vs. 62.2%, p < 0.0001), respectively. In the multivariate analysis, significant differences were observed between groups I and II in relation to the occurrence of bleeding (8.5% vs. 20%, OR = 0.173, 95% CI: 0.049 - 0.614, p = 0.007). Conclusion: A loading dose of 300 mg or more of clopidogrel

Clinical Characteristics and Adverse Events in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients with a History of Peripheral Arterial Disease / Características Clínicas e Eventos Adversos em Pacientes com Síndrome Coronariana Aguda e História de Doença Arterial Periférica

Abstract Background: In clinical observation, patients with acute coronary syndrome complicated with peripheral artery disease have poor prognosis, so the relationship between the diseases and clinical characteristics need to be further explored. Objective: This study aims to investigate clinical characteristics and independent risk factors for in-hospital adverse events in acute coronary syndrome patients with a history of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Methods: A total of 5,682 patients with acute coronary syndrome were included into this study. These patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of a history of PAD: PAD group (n = 188), and non-PAD (control) group (n = 5,494). Then, the clinical characteristics and incidence of in-hospital adverse events were analyzed; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The age of PAD patients was higher than that in the control group (65.5 ± 10.3 years vs. 58.6 ± 11 years, p < 0.001), and the proportion of PAD patients with diabetes history and stroke history was higher than that in the control group (73 [39%] vs. 1472 [26.8%], p = 0.018; 36 [19.3%] vs. 396 [7.2%], p < 0.001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis between groups based on in-hospital adverse events revealed that a history of PAD (OR = 1.791, p = 0.01), a history of diabetes (OR = 1.223, p = 0.001), and age of > 65 years old (OR = 4.670, p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for in-hospital adverse events. Conclusion: A history of PAD, advanced age, and a history of diabetes are independent risk factors for in-hospital adverse events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Resumo Fundamento: Na observação clínica, os pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda com doença arterial periférica têm prognóstico ruim, portanto, a relação entre as doenças e as características clínicas precisa ser mais explorada. Objetivos: Este estudo tem o objetivo de investigar características clínicas e fatores de risco independentes para eventos adversos hospitalares em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda e história de doença arterial periférica (DAP). Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo 5682 pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a presença ou ausência de DAP prévia: grupo DAP (n = 188) e grupo sem DAP (n = 5494, grupo controle). Em seguida, foram analisadas características clínicas e a incidência de eventos adversos hospitalares nesses grupos; um p < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: A idade dos pacientes com DAP foi maior que a idade do grupo controle (65,5 ± 10,3 anos vs. 58,6 ± 11 anos, p < 0,001), e a proporção de pacientes com história de diabetes ou acidente vascular cerebral foi maior no grupo DAP que no grupo controle [73 (39%) vs. 1472 (26,8%), p = 0,018; 36 (19,3%) vs. 396 (7,2%), p < 0,001). A análise de regressão logística multivariada para eventos adversos hospitalares mostrou que história de DAP (OR = 1,791, p = 0,01), história de diabetes (OR = 1,223, p = 0,001), e idade >65 anos de idade (OR = 4,670, p < 0,001) foram fatores de risco independentes para eventos adversos hospitalares. Conclusão: DAP prévia, idade avançada, e história de diabetes são fatores de risco independentes para eventos adversos hospitalares em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda.

Clinical Course of Patients Undergoing Myocardial Revascularization Surgery in a Public Cardiology Referral Hospital in Pará, Brazil

Myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS) is the most frequently performed cardiac surgery in Brazil. However, data on mortality rates among patients undergoing MRS in hospitals other than the main referral centers in the northern Brazil are scarce. Objective: To describe the clinical course of patients that submitted to MRS in the major public cardiology referral hospital in the Brazilian Amazon. Methods: Retrospective cohort analysis, by review of medical records of patients who had undergone MRS at Hospital das Clínicas Gaspar Vianna (FHCGV) from January 2013 to June 2014. Results: A total of 179 patients were evaluated. Mortality rate was 11.7% until 30 days after surgery. Waiting time for surgery ≥ 30 days (OR 2.59, 95%CI 1.02 - 6.56, p = 0.039), infection during hospitalization (OR 3.28, 95%CI 1.15 - 9.39, p = 0.021) and need for hemodialysis after surgery (OR 9.06 95%CI 2.07 - 39.54, p = 0.001) were predictors of mortality after CABG. Conclusion: A high mortality rate in the study population was found, higher than that reported in the literature and in other regions of Brazil

Síndrome de Wellens, una forma grave de síndrome coronario agudo / Síndrome de Wellens, uma forma grave de síndrome coronariana aguda / Wellens syndrome, a severe form of acute coronary syndrome

Se presentó el caso de una mujer de 41 años de edad, mestiza, con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, obesidad y dislipemia que acudió al servicio de emergencias refiriendo dolor torácico retroesternal, opresivo, de intensidad 8/10, con irradiación a cuello, mandíbula y miembro superior izquierdo. El dolor torácico agudo representa del 5 al 20 por ciento del total de las urgencias médicas y esta afectación común con un amplio diagnóstico diferencial es motivo de alarma, por lo que siempre se debe descartar la presencia de síndrome coronario agudo (SCA) debido al potencial riesgo que corren los pacientes con esta entidad y sus múltiples complicaciones. El electrocardiograma y la dosificación de enzimas cardíacas son herramientas importantes en la investigación de los pacientes, sin embargo, existen situaciones en las que aún en presencia de resultados normales, existe una enfermedad grave subyacente que podría pasar desapercibida(AU)

We present the case of a 41-year-old woman, Mongrel, with a history of high blood pressure, obesity and dyslipidemia who went to the emergency service referring to chest pain, oppression, of intensity 8/10, with radiation to the neck, jaw and left upper limb. Acute chest pain accounts for 5 to 20 per cent of all medical emergencies and this common affectation with a wide differential diagnosis is cause for alarm, so the presence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) should always be ruled out due to the potential risk that run patients with this entity and its multiple complications. The electrocardiogram and the dosage of cardiac enzymes are important tools in the investigation of patients, however, there are situations in which even in the presence of normal results, there is a serious underlying disease that could go unnoticed(AU)

Apresentamos o caso de uma mulher de 41 anos, mestiça, com história de hipertensão arterial, obesidade e dislipidemia, que compareceu ao serviço de emergência referindo dor torácica, opressão, de intensidade 8/10, com irradiação para o pescoço, mandíbula e membro superior esquerdo. A dor torácica aguda é responsável por 5 a 20 por cento de todas as emergências médicas e essa afetação comum com amplo diagnóstico diferencial é motivo de alarme, portanto, a presença de síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) deve ser sempre descartada devido ao risco potencial. que correm pacientes com essa entidade e suas múltiplas complicações. O eletrocardiograma e a dosagem de enzimas cardíacas são ferramentas importantes na investigação dos pacientes, entretanto, existem situações em que, mesmo na presença de resultados normais, existe uma doença subjacente grave que pode passar despercebida(AU)

CULPRIT-SHOCK study

SUMMARY The treatment of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction concomitant with the presence of multivessel disease has been studied in several recent studies with the purpose of defining the need, as well as the best moment to approach residual lesions. However, such studies included only stable patients. The best therapeutic approach to cardiogenic shock secondary to acute coronary syndrome, however, remains controversial, but there are recommendations from specialists for revascularization that include non-event related injuries. Recently published, the CULPRIT-SHOCK study showed benefit of the initial approach only of the injury blamed for the acute event, in view of the multivessel percutaneous intervention, in the context of cardiogenic shock. In this perspective, the authors discuss the work in question, regarding methodological questions, limitations and clinical applicability.

RESUMO O tratamento de pacientes com infarto do miocárdio com elevação do segmento ST concomitante à presença de doença multiarterial tem sido estudado em vários estudos recentes com o objetivo de definir a necessidade, bem como o melhor momento, de abordagem das lesões residuais. No entanto, tais estudos incluíam apenas pacientes estáveis. A melhor abordagem terapêutica do choque cardiogênico secundário à síndrome coronariana aguda, no entanto, ainda permanece controversa, havendo porém recomendação de especialistas para uma revascularização que inclua as lesões não relacionadas ao evento. Publicado recentemente, o estudo CULPRIT-SHOCK mostrou benefício da abordagem inicial apenas da lesão culpada pelo evento agudo, perante a intervenção percutânea multiarterial, no contexto do choque cardiogênico. No presente ponto de vista, os autores discutem o trabalho em questão, no que concerne a questões metodológicas, limitações e aplicabilidade clínica.

Crises hipertensivas: definindo a gravidade e o tratamento / Hipertensive crises: defining he severity and treatment

As situações clínicas de aumento súbito da pressão arterial (PA) que caracterizam as crises hipertensivas são comuns na prática clínica, principalmente nas consultas realiza-das no pronto atendimento, portanto, o diagnóstico adequado é essencial para o melhor tratamento e desfecho clínico. A crise hipertensiva é definida pelo aumento súbito na PA (≥180 /120 mmHg) e a necessidade da redução agressiva da PA depende da gravidade da situação clinica associada. A presença de lesões novas ou progressivas em órgãos-alvo e risco iminente de morte definem as emergências hipertensivas que requerem tratamento imediato visando a rápida redução da pressão arterial, porém, não, necessariamente, a níveis normais. Na maioria dos casos, a velocidade do aumento da PA é mais importante que o nível real da PA, portanto, é fundamental que haja avaliação clínica para o diagnóstico preciso dessas condições clínicas, as quais incluem encefalopatia hipertensiva, síndromes coronarianas agudas, edema agudo dos pulmões, acidente vascular cerebral, dissecção de aorta e eclampsia. As metas para diminuição da PA para as emergências hipertensivas, de acordo com o órgão-alvo envolvido, são revisadas pelas atuais diretrizes brasileiras e ame-ricanas de hipertensão. O tratamento das emergências hipertensivas inclui vasodilatadores de ação direta e bloqueadores adrenérgicos já consagrados, entretanto, evidências recentes mostram o benefício do uso de novos fármacos ainda não disponíveis em nosso meio

The clinical conditions of an acute rise in blood pressure (BP) that characterize hyperten-sive crises are common in clinical practice, particularly in consultations that take place in the emergency room. Therefore the correct diagnosis is important for the best treatment and clinical outcome. Hypertensive crisis is defined as a sudden rise in BP (≥ 180/120 mmHg), and the need for aggressive reduction of BP depends on the severity of the associated clinical situation. The presence of new or progressive target organ injury and imminent risk of death define hypertensive emergencies requiring immediate treatment aimed at rapid reduction of blood pressure, not ne-cessarily to normal levels. In most cases, the speed of the rise in BP is more important than the actual level of BP, and clinical evaluation is essential for the accurate diagnosis of these clinical conditions, which include hypertensive encephalopathy, acute coronary syndromes, pulmonary edema, stroke, aortic dissection, and eclampsia. The goals of BP reduction for hypertensive emergencies, according to the target organ involved, have been reviewed by the current Brazi-lian and American guidelines on hypertension. Treatment of hypertensive emergencies includes direct action vasodilators and adrenergic blockers, which are already well established, but recent evidence shows the benefit of the use of new drugs, not yet available in Brazil

Avaliação da relação do índice tornozelo-braquial com a gravidade da doença arterial coronáriana / Assessment of the relationship of ankle-brachial index with coronary artery disease severity

Fundamento: A Doença Arterial Periférica (DAP) está associada a eventos cardiovasculares, podendo ser diagnosticada e estimada através do Índice Tornozelo-Braquial (ITB). Está bem estabelecido que o ITB é fator agravante na estratificação de risco cardiovascular, mas sua contribuição para definir a gravidade do acometimento arterial coronariano não está bem estabelecida. Objetivos: Estudo testou o valor do ITB com a gravidade da doença aterosclerótica coronariana pelo Escore de Syntax (ES) em pacientes com Síndrome Coronariana Aguda (SCA). Métodos: Estudo prospectivo com medida do ITB de todos os pacientes internados com SCA no Hospital São Lucas da PUCRS, consecutivamente, de maio a setembro de 2016, e comparação de seu valor com o ES e tipos de SCA desses pacientes. As análises foram realizadas considerando-se o nível de confiança de 95% ( α = 5%). Resultados: 101 pacientes, com média de idade de 62,6±12,0 anos, 58 (57,4%) masculinos, 74 (82,2%) hipertensos, 33 (45,8%) diabéticos e 46 (45,5%) com infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do ST (IAMCSST). A gravidade da DAP não teve relação com a gravidade anatômica da doença arterial coronariana (DAC). Encontramos uma associação significativa de ES intermediário com infarto agudo do miocárdio sem supradesnivelamento do ST (IAMSSST) e de ES baixo com angina instável (AI) [OR (IC95%): 1,11 (1,03-1,20); p = 0,004], que se manteve após análise multivariada, ajustada para idade, tabagismo, história familiar de DAC e DAC prévia [OR (IC95%): 1,13 (1,02-1,25); p = 0,019]. Conclusões: Analisando nossos resultados, encontramos que pacientes com ITB < 0,9 não apresentaram associação com maior complexidade determinada pelo ES em pacientes com SCA. Os pacientes com IAMSSST estiveram mais associados com ES intermediário

DOI: 10.5935/2359-4802.20170094 47 International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences. 2018;31(1)47-55 ARTIGO ORIGINAL Correspondência: Andrea Mabilde Petracco Av. Ipiranga, 7464, sala 524. CEP: 91530-000, Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre, RS ­ Brasil. E-mail: apetracco@terra.com.br; apetracco@cardiol.br Avaliação da Relação do Índice Tornozelo-Braquial com a Gravidade da Doença Arterial Coronária Assessment of the Relationship of Ankle-Brachial Index With Coronary Artery Disease Severity Andrea Mabilde Petracco, Luiz Carlos Bodanese, Gustavo Farias Porciúncula, Gabriel Santos Teixeira, Denise de Oliveira Pellegrini, Luiz Claudio Danzmann, Ricardo Medeiros Pianta, João Batista Petracco Hospital São Lucas, da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS ­ Brasil Artigo recebido em 28/02/2017; revisado em 12/08/2017; aceito em 21/08/2017 Resumo Fundamento: A Doença Arterial Periférica (DAP) está associada a eventos cardiovasculares, podendo ser diagnosticada e estimada através do Índice Tornozelo-Braquial (ITB). Está bem estabelecido que o ITB é fator agravante na estratificação de risco cardiovascular, mas sua contribuição para definir a gravidade do acometimento arterial coronariano não está bem estabelecida. Objetivos: Estudo testou o valor do ITB com a gravidade da doença aterosclerótica coronariana pelo Escore de Syntax (ES) em pacientes com Síndrome Coronariana Aguda (SCA). Métodos: Estudo prospectivo com medida do ITB de todos os pacientes internados com SCA no Hospital São Lucas da PUCRS, consecutivamente, de maio a setembro de 2016, e comparação de seu valor com o ES e tipos de SCA desses pacientes. As análises foram realizadas considerando-se o nível de confiança de 95% ( α = 5%). Resultados: 101 pacientes, com média de idade de 62,6±12,0 anos, 58 (57,4%) masculinos, 74 (82,2%) hipertensos, 33 (45,8%) diabéticos e 46 (45,5%) com infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do ST (IAMCSST). A gravidade da DAP não teve relação com a gravidade anatômica da doença arterial coronariana (DAC). Encontramos uma associação significativa de ES intermediário com infarto agudo do miocárdio sem supradesnivelamento do ST (IAMSSST) e de ES baixo com angina instável (AI) [OR (IC95%): 1,11 (1,03-1,20); p = 0,004], que se manteve após análise multivariada, ajustada para idade, tabagismo, história familiar de DAC e DAC prévia [OR (IC95%): 1,13 (1,02-1,25); p = 0,019]. Conclusões: Analisando nossos resultados, encontramos que pacientes com ITB < 0,9 não apresentaram associação com maior complexidade determinada pelo ES em pacientes com SCA. Os pacientes com IAMSSST estiveram mais associados com ES intermediário. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2018;31(1)47-55) Palavras-chave: Índice Tornozelo-Braço, Síndrome Coronariana Aguda, Doença da Artéria Coronariana, Índice de Severidade da Doença, Aterosclerose, Doença Arterial Periférica. Abstract Background: Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is associated with cardiovascular events and can be diagnosed and estimated by use of the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI). ABI is a worsening factor in the stratification of cardiovascular risk, but its contribution to define the severity of coronary artery disease has not been well established. Objectives: To compare the ABI value with the coronary atherosclerotic disease severity by use of the Syntax Score (SS) in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). Methods: This prospective study measured the ABI of all patients with ACS consecutively admitted to the São Lucas Hospital of PUCRS from May to September 2016, and compared the ABI values with the SS and ACS types of those patients. The analyzes were performed considering the 95%confidence interval ( α = 5%). Results: This study assessed 101 patients [mean age, 62.6 ± 12.0 years; 58 men (57.4%)], 74 (82.2%) were hypertensive, 33 (45.8%) had diabetes and 46 (45,5%) had ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). The PAD severity was not related to the anatomical severity of the coronary artery disease (CAD). We found a significant association of intermediate SS with non-ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and of low SS with unstable angina (UA) [OR (95% CI): 1.11 (1.03-1.20) (p = 0.004)], which remained after multivariate analysis adjusted to age, smoking, family history of CAD and previous CAD [(OR 95%): 1.13 (1.02-1.25) (p = 0.019)]. Conclusions: Patients with ABI < 0.9 showed no association with higher disease complexity determined by the SS in patients with ACS. Patients with NSTEMI were more associated with an intermediate risk on the SS

Conceptual and operational definitions of the defining characteristics of the nursing diagnosis Disturbed Sleep Pattern / Definição conceitual e operacional das características definidoras do diagnóstico de enfermagem Padrão de Sono Prejudicado / Definición conceptual y operacional de las características definidoras del diagnóstico de enfermería Estándar de Sueño Perjudicado

Objective to present the knowledge produced about sleep and Acute Coronary Syndrome in order to assist in the elaboration of the operational and conceptual definitions of the defining characteristics of the nursing diagnosis Disturbed Sleep Pattern (00198). Method integrative review in the following databases: COCHRANE; SCOPUS; MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) via Pubmed; LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Literature Database); CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) and EMBASE (The Excerpta Medical Database). At the end of the search, 2827 studies were found, 43 were selected for reading, and 10 were included in the review. The gray literature was also included. Results important findings related to clinical evidence and contributing factors of sleep were found in the review. However, in order to build definitions of the defining characteristics, it was necessary to use gray literature, such as a Portuguese dictionary and two textbooks about sleep. Conclusion the definitions will help nurses in their practice in the collection of information, in the determination of the nursing diagnosis studied here, and in directing care measures with respect to quantity and quality of sleep of Acute Coronary Syndrome inpatients. They will also assist in the next steps of the validation of this diagnosis to the referred population.

Objetivo apresentar o conhecimento produzido sobre sono e Síndrome Coronariana Aguda a fim de auxiliar na elaboração das definições operacionais e conceituais das características definidoras do diagnóstico de enfermagem Padrão de Sono Prejudicado (00198). Método revisão integrativa nas bases de dados COCHRANE; SCOPUS; MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) via Pubmed; LILACS (Latin American and Caribean Health Science Literature Database); CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) e EMBASE (The Excerpta Medica Database). Ao final das buscas, 2827 estudos identificados, 43 selecionados para leitura e 10 incluídos. A literatura cinzenta também foi incluída. Resultados importantes achados relacionados a evidências clínicas e fatores contribuintes do sono foram encontrados na revisão realizada. Porém, para a construção das definições das características definidoras, fez-se necessário lançar mão de literatura cinzenta, como um dicionário da Língua Portuguesa e dois livros-texto sobre o sono. Conclusão tais definições poderão auxiliar os enfermeiros da prática na coleta de informações, na determinação do referido diagnóstico de enfermagem e, assim, no direcionamento de cuidados ao que tange à quantidade e qualidade do sono de pacientes internados com Síndrome Coronariana Aguda. Também auxiliarão nas próximas etapas do processo de validação desse diagnóstico à população referida.

Objetivo presentar el conocimiento producido sobre sueño y Síndrome Coronario Agudo a fin de auxiliar en la elaboración de las definiciones operacionales y conceptuales de las características definidoras del diagnóstico de enfermería Estándar de Sueño Perjudicado (00198). Método revisión integradora en las bases de datos COCHRANE; SCOPUS; MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) via Pubmed; LILACS (Latin American and Caribean Health Science Literature Database); CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) e EMBASE (The Excerpta Medica Database). Al final de las búsquedas, 2827 estudios identificados, 43 seleccionados para lectura y 10 incluidos. La literatura gris también fue incluida. Resultados importantes hallados relacionados a las evidencias clínicas y factores contribuyentes del sueño fueron encontrados en la revisión realizada. Sin embargo, para la construcción de las definiciones de las características definidoras es necesario usar la literatura gris, como un diccionario de la Lengua Portuguesa y dos libros texto sobre el sueño. Conclusión tales definiciones podrán auxiliar a los enfermeros de la práctica en la recolección de informaciones, en la determinación del referido diagnóstico de enfermería y así, en el direccionamiento de cuidados sobre la cantidad y calidad del sueño de pacientes internados con Síndrome Coronario Agudo. También auxiliarán en las próximas etapas del proceso de validez de ese diagnóstico a la población referida.